The 180 Degree Rule is a guideline on making sure that two characters are always on the same left/right relationship to each other, it is normally used in talking converstations when two people are facing directly opposite each other. The 18o Degree Rule helps the audience to visually connect with unseen movement happening around and behind the immediate subject. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line. The new shot, from the opposite side, is known as a reverse angle.
The 180 Degree Rule does not always have to be followed and some directors break it to cause disorientation. An example is when Christopher Nolan controversially broke this rule, in The Dark Knight in the interogation scene between the Joker and Batman.
In this scene the director is trying to how that these to characters are not as different as Batman would like to believe, and that the Joker does still have some control even though he is the one being interrogated. Furthermore, in the conversation between the two characters the Joker say's 'tonight you're gonna break your own rule'. This phrase directly links to the 180 degree rule being broken, making it cleverly fitting to the scene. 
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